Cell-Free Integrated Sensing and Communication: Principles, Advances, and Future Directions

Cell-free (CF) integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) combines CF architecture with ISAC. CF employs distributed access points, eliminates cell boundaries, and enhances coverage, spectral efficiency, and reliability. ISAC unifies radar sensing and communication, enabling simultaneous data transmission and environmental sensing within shared spectral and hardware resources. CF-ISAC leverages these strengths to improve spectral and energy efficiency while enhancing sensing in wireless networks. As a promising candidate for next-generation wireless systems, CF-ISAC supports robust multi-user communication, distributed multi-static sensing, and seamless resource optimization. However, a comprehensive survey on CF-ISAC has been lacking. This paper fills that gap by first revisiting CF and ISAC principles, covering cooperative transmission, radar cross-section, target parameter estimation, ISAC integration levels, sensing metrics, and applications. It then explores CF-ISAC systems, emphasizing their unique features and the benefits of multi-static sensing. State-of-the-art developments are categorized into performance analysis, resource allocation, security, and user/target-centric designs, offering a thorough literature review and case studies. Finally, the paper identifies key challenges such as synchronization, multi-target detection, interference management, and fronthaul capacity and latency. Emerging trends, including next-generation antenna technologies, network-assisted systems, near-field CF-ISAC, integration with other technologies, and machine learning approaches, are highlighted to outline the future trajectory of CF-ISAC research.

RIS-Aided Positioning Under Adverse Conditions: Interference from Unauthorized RIS

Positioning technology, which aims to determine the geometric information of a device in a global coordinate, is a key component in integrated sensing and communication systems. In addition to traditional active anchor-based positioning systems, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have shown great potential for enhancing system performance. However, their ability to manipulate electromagnetic waves and ease of deployment pose potential risks, as unauthorized RIS may be intentionally introduced to jeopardize the positioning service. Such an unauthorized RIS can cause unexpected interference in the original localization system, distorting the transmitted signals, and leading to degraded positioning accuracy. In this work, we investigate the scenario of RIS-aided positioning in the presence of interference from an unauthorized RIS. Theoretical lower bounds are employed to analyze the impact of unauthorized RIS on channel parameter estimation and positioning accuracy. Several codebook design strategies for unauthorized RIS are evaluated, and various system arrangements are discussed. The simulation results show that an unauthorized RIS path with a high channel gain or a delay similar to that of legitimate RIS paths leads to poor positioning performance. Furthermore, unauthorized RIS generates more effective interference when using directional beamforming codebooks compared to random codebooks.

Towards ISAC RIS-Enabled Passive Radar Target Localization

Incorporating integrated sensing and communication capabilities into forthcoming 6G wireless networks is crucial for achieving seamless synchronization between the digital and physical worlds. The following paper focuses on a scenario where a passive radar (PR) is subject to weak line-of-sight signals of opportunity, emanating from an access point and subsequently reflecting off targets, ultimately reaching the PR. Furthermore, a normalized least mean squares method is presented for jointly detecting the number of targets and estimating target angles of arrival (AoAs). The algorithm iteratively adjusts the steering vector estimates to minimize a suitable error cost function, while the target AoAs are identified via a peak-finding search conducted on the resulted power spectrum. Simulation results show the capabilities of the proposed localization method, as well as a 14 dB dynamic range reduction that can be achieved at the PR.

Designing Waveforms with Adjustable PAPR for Integrated Sensing and Communication

This paper presents a new optimization framework dedicated for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) waveform design. In particular, the problem aims at maximizing the total achievable sum-rate, through multi-user interference minimization, while preserving a certain level of similarity to a given desired radar waveform. Aiming towards feasible and practical PHY architectures, we also offer the flexibility of tuning the peak-to-average power ratio to a desired level. Towards this design, a non-convex optimization problem is formulated, and an alternating direction method of multipliers based solution is derived to converge towards the superiority of the final ISAC waveform. Finally, simulation results validate the proposed ISAC waveform design, as compared to state-of-the-art solutions.

Towards a Molecular Computer: Enabling Arithmetic Operations in Molecular Communication

In current molecular communication (MC) systems, performing computational operations at the nanoscale remains challenging, restricting their applicability in complex scenarios such as adaptive biochemical control and advanced nanoscale sensing. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes a novel framework that seamlessly integrates computation into the molecular communication process. The system enables arithmetic operations, namely addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, by encoding numerical values into two types of molecules emitted by each transmitter to represent positive and negative values, respectively. Specifically, addition is achieved by transmitting non-reactive molecules, while subtraction employs reactive molecules that interact during propagation. The receiver demodulates molecular counts to directly compute the desired results. Theoretical analysis for an upper bound on the bit error rate (BER), and computational simulations confirm the system's robustness in performing complex arithmetic tasks. Compared to conventional MC methods, the proposed approach not only enables fundamental computational operations at the nanoscale but also lays the groundwork for intelligent, autonomous molecular networks.

Multi-Cell Coordinated Beamforming for Integrate Communication and Multi-TMT Localization

This paper investigates integrated localization and communication in a multi-cell system and proposes a coordinated beamforming algorithm to enhance target localization accuracy while preserving communication performance. Within this integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is adopted to quantify the accuracy of target localization, with its closed-form expression derived for the first time. It is shown that the nuisance parameters can be disregarded without impacting the CRLB of time of arrival (TOA)-based target localization. Capitalizing on the derived CRLB, we formulate a nonconvex coordinated beamforming problem to minimize the CRLB while satisfying signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraints in communication. To facilitate the development of solution, we reformulate the original problem into a more tractable form and solve it through semi-definite programming (SDP). Notably, we show that the proposed algorithm can always obtain rank-one global optimal solutions under mild conditions. Finally, numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm over benchmark algorithms and reveal the performance trade-off between localization accuracy and communication SINR.

Joint Communication and Radar Sensing for Terahertz Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN)

The transition from isolated systems to integrated solutions has driven the development of space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGIN) as well as the integration of communication and radar sensing functionalities. By leveraging the unique properties of the Terahertz (THz) band, THz joint communication and radar sensing (JCRS) supports high-speed communication and precise sensing, addressing the growing demands of SAGIN for connectivity and environmental awareness. However, most existing THz studies focus on terrestrial and static scenarios, with limited consideration for the dynamic and non-terrestrial environments of SAGIN. In this paper, the THz JCRS techniques for SAGIN are comprehensively investigated. Specifically, propagation characteristics and channel models of THz waves in non-terrestrial environments are analyzed. A link capacity comparison with millimeter-wave, THz, and free-space optical frequency bands is conducted to highlight the advantages of THz frequencies. Moreover, novel JCRS waveform design strategies are presented to achieve mutual merit of communication and radar sensing, while networking strategies are developed to overcome challenges in SAGIN such as high mobility. Furthermore, advancements in THz device technologies, including antennas and amplifiers, are reviewed to assess their roles in enabling practical JCRS implementations.

Upper Mid-Band Spectrum for 6G: Vision, Opportunity and Challenges

Driven by the pursuit of gigabit-per-second data speeds for future 6G mobile networks, in addition to the support of sensing and artificial intelligence applications, the industry is expanding beyond crowded sub-6 GHz bands with innovative new spectrum allocations. In this paper, we chart a compelling vision for 6G within the frequency range 3 (FR3) spectrum, i.e. $7.125$-$24.25$ $\GHz$, by delving into its key enablers and addressing the multifaceted challenges that lie ahead for these new frequency bands. Here we highlight the physical properties of this \textcolor{black}{never-before} used spectrum by reviewing recent channel measurements for outdoor and indoor environments, including path loss, delay and angular spreads, and material penetration loss, all which offer insights that underpin future 5G/6G wireless communication designs. Building on the fundamental knowledge of the channel properties, we explore FR3 spectrum agility strategies that balance coverage and capacity (e.g. data rate) tradeoffs, while also examining coexistence with incumbent systems, such as satellites, radio astronomy, and earth exploration. Moreover, we discuss the potential of massive multiple-input multiple-output, compact and digital architectures, and evaluate the potential of multiband sensing for FR3 integrated sensing and communications. Finally, we outline 6G standardization features that are likely to emerge from 3GPP radio frame innovations and open radio access network developments.

Terahertz Aerospace Communications: Enabling Technologies and Future Directions

To achieve ubiquitous connectivity in next-generation networks through aerospace communications while maintaining high data rates, Terahertz (THz) band communications (0.1-10 THz) with large continuous bandwidths are considered a promising candidate technology. However, key enabling techniques and practical implementations of THz communications for aerospace applications remain limited. In this paper, the wireless channel characteristics, enabling communication techniques, and networking strategies for THz aerospace communications are investigated, aiming to assess their feasibility and encourage future research efforts toward system realization. Specifically, the wireless channel characteristics across various altitudes and scenarios are first analyzed, focusing on modeling the interaction between the THz wave and the external environment, from ground to outer space. Next, key enabling communication technologies, including multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique, beam alignment and tracking, integrated communication and radar sensing (ICARS), and resource allocation for networking are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and possible future directions are summarized and discussed.

Latency-Aware Resource Allocation for Integrated Communications, Computation, and Sensing in Cell-Free mMIMO Systems

In this paper, we investigate a cell-free massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO)-enabled integration communication, computation, and sensing (ICCS) system, aiming to minimize the maximum computation latency to guarantee the stringent sensing requirements. We consider a two-tier offloading framework, where each multi-antenna terminal can optionally offload its local tasks to either multiple mobile-edge servers for distributed computation or the cloud server for centralized computation while satisfying the sensing requirements and power constraint. The above offloading problem is formulated as a mixed-integer programming and non-convex problem, which can be decomposed into three sub-problems, namely, distributed offloading decision, beamforming design, and execution scheduling mechanism. First, the continuous relaxation and penalty-based techniques are applied to tackle the distributed offloading strategy. Then, the weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) and successive convex approximation (SCA)-based lower bound are utilized to design the integrated communication and sensing (ISAC) beamforming. Finally, the other resources can be judiciously scheduled to minimize the maximum latency. A rigorous convergence analysis and numerical results substantiate the effectiveness of our method. Furthermore, simulation results demonstrate that multi-point cooperation in cell-free massive MIMO-enabled ICCS significantly reduces overall computation latency, in comparison to the benchmark schemes.